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Construction Project Management

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Customer Service

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Abstract: Standards and Codes for Educational Facilities Professionals

This chapter of the APPA Body of Knowledge (BOK) is intended to give facilities managers and engineers a starting point to better understand the nature of codes and standards for educational facilities. This chapter is not intended to be all-encompassing, but rather a launching point from which facilities professionals can know where to look for […]

Campus Master Planning

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Abstract: From Concept to Reality: The Crucial Role of Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB) in HVAC Design

In the process of testing, adjusting, and balancing (TAB), qualified engineers and technicians meticulously document data and establish preliminary and final airflow, water flow, and temperatures for all components of a heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. This process may also extend to domestic water, smoke control, steam and industrial process water systems. Total […]

Elevator Systems

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Abstract: Elevator Systems

In any multistory academic, administrative, athletic, or residential building, the vertical transportation systems are typically composed of elevators and escalators. Because these units represent a significant expense, their proper design, installation, and maintenance is essential to building operations and public safety. As a result, effective asset management becomes an important responsibility for all facilities managers. […]

Abstract: The Five Styles of Negotiation

When we hear the word negotiation we often imagine an acrimonious process between management and labor over contract terms or a stuffy boardroom of well-dressed people debating a complex business acquisition.  Certainly, these situations involve complex negotiation processes but the concept of negotiation is much broader.  Negotiation is a process whereby parties with differing needs […]

The Five Styles of Negotiation

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Capital Budgeting

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Building Information Modeling

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Abstract: Capital Budgeting

The institutional treasurer or chief financial officer holds responsibility for financing capital acquisitions, renovations, and maintenance; ensuring that assets are managed within  sound  financial  guidelines  and protected from unnecessary risk  of  loss  or  depletion; and working with the governing board to develop and implement financial policies for asset utilization, capital investment, and debt management that […]

Abstract: Building Information Modeling

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a high-technology process transformational method to address project complexity and rapid development. A BIM-based project produces digital assets that transform how supply chain partners work together to improve the design and construction process, enabling early problem  identification and removal, generating cost and schedule benefits, and improving the facilities management and […]

Abstract: Construction Management

Construction Management Basics In the 1970s, many large general contractors and architectural/engineering firms recognized the growing need for professional construction managers (CMs), and the market for construction management services has grown since. Universities establish their own CM departments or use outside construction management firms. Definition of Construction Management. Construction management is a discipline and management […]

Abstract: In-House Design and Construction

Many institutions choose to operate their own in-house design groups rather than navigating the design-bid- build, design-build, or construction manager process. These in-house groups are often in the facilities maintenance department and work best when empowered with the authority to deliver projects in a timely and cost-effective manner. This setup offers the advantage of no […]

Abstract: Infrastructure Planning

Functional and non-architectural campus design  elements and the architecture of individual buildings are both important. This chapter does not  cite  best solutions in each area and is not a design handbook for working professionals; as there is no one right solution because campuses vary. The master plan is always the first step for infrastructure system […]

Abstract: Organization and Management of Capital Projects

Introduction Building at universities needs technical knowledge, management expertise, and political skill to manage inherent issues (e.g., increased expectations, resource competition, risks, technological advances, cash flows, limited land area, physical and cultural landscape preservation, campus debates, pressure to hire prestigious designers). Trustees and  administrators usually understand the importance of planning and high- quality construction (and […]

Abstract: Programming

Introduction Once a university decides to build or remodel facility space, facility programming (a process to identify and document potential facility space needs) is the most important pre design aspect. Higher education literature is almost devoid of facility programming materials, so references are not university specific. Facility Programming Context. Facility programming has three characteristics: it […]

Abstract: Project Delivery

The traditional, low-bid Design-Bid-Build (DBB) process favored for most of the 20th century became increasingly problematic; in the 1990s, owners implemented partnering programs (quite successful in some cases but not universally effective). New proposed methods to increase project team collaboration were developed, including the Design-Build (DB) process and alternative project delivery methods (e.g., Construction Manager […]

Abstract: Real Estate

The tremendous growth in higher education has created a need for more land and buildings. The acquisition of real estate must be integrated with university master planning, and include input from the facilities department regarding property condition and maintenance requirements. Institutions view property acquisitions as a profit center or a necessary support function; either way, […]

Abstract: Renovations

Renovating an existing building entails complex issues and factors (e.g., building condition, construction type, codes and zoning, location, swing space, budget, accessibility, sustainability, historic attributes). Types of Renovation Renovation scope can vary widely but implies more than   a simple repair or routine maintenance. Types of renovation are defined differently by state building codes and include […]

Abstract: Site Development

Definition and Introduction The campus atmosphere as a whole is a function of  both buildings and connecting spaces. Continuity, unity, and coherence of spatial relations are the ultimate aim in developing the campus landscape. Site development plans bring the master plan to life and address the needs for physical improvements to the existing campus landscape. […]

Abstract: Space Planning and Administration

Introduction U.S. higher education is more than three centuries old, but space planning and management have emerged only in the last 20 to 25 years, with processes in place to inventory, classify, and create databases. The new focus is on managing space, preparing for new structures, and using existing space more efficiently while offering flexible […]

Abstract: Sustainable Design and Construction

Sustainable design and construction techniques seek to make institutions climate neutral. LEED Overview LEED is an internationally recognized  certification program that trains institutional managers to measure  and ensure sustainability in commercial construction and renovation  projects.  Building  environmental performance over its lifespan is projected and evaluated  in nine categories: integrative process, location and transportation,  sustainable  sites,  […]

Abstract: The Building Commissioning Process

Introduction The building commissioning process bridges the gap between heightened expectations for more complex and sophisticated facilities and meeting such expectations. Many facilities managers recognize that commissioning improves facilities operations, but it is unclear what the commissioning process is and when it starts. It is not a series of activities at the end of the […]

Abstract: Value Management

Value management is a concept that embraces facilities design while balancing appropriate but sometimes competing program, quality, performance, and cost requirements, while considering the total cost of ownership (TCO) throughout the design process. Although many needs compete for inclusion in all capital projects, a long-term view of capital assets represents a continuing investment in education […]

Abtract: Sanitary Sewers and Stormwater Management Systems

Introduction to Sanitary Drainage Systems In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates wastewater and stormwater released into the sanitary or storm sewer systems or into bodies of waters (e.g., lakes, rivers, bays, ocean) through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System wastewater permitting program. Environment Canada regulates water discharges through the Wastewater Systems […]

Abtract: Campus Utility Systems Master Planning

Campus utility master planning is a process to identify required utility services, strategies, and costs. Scope is based on a focused purpose, specific product, and periodic self-analysis to document existing utility systems, current needs, and the extent and timing of future needs. Master planning surveys organize data on institution utility systems and service needs, document […]

Abtract: Central Heating Plants

To evaluate alternatives for meeting  energy  demands and to make sound decisions about large capital expenditures for plant additions and alterations, facilities managers need a basic understanding of heating and power plant cycles and equipment. This chapter  discusses central heating and power plant fuels, processes, and equipment. Details on fuels, fuel firing, boiler and emission […]

Abtract: Cooling Systems and Thermal Energy Storage

Central cooling systems can displace small localized chillers. In evaluating central cooling system merits, facilities managers consider annual operating costs, annual energy and domestic water use, system age and condition, and capital availability. (1) Central chiller plants take advantage of the diversity factor in sizing equipment and operating the plant (all connected loads do not […]

Abtract: Data and Voice Network Infrastructure

Networking technologies (initially part of administrative overhead) serve as the telecommunications backbone of most universities and play a critical operations role. Network technologies have evolved because of data distribution (e.g., virtual disks and data archives; subject to network outages and poor network performance such as congestion and latency); application distribution (e.g., email and business systems, […]

Abtract: Domestic and Fire Protection Water

The university provides potable water (e.g. for drinking, research, instruction, cleaning, irrigation, animal husbandry, fire protection) and either owns and operates a water distribution system or works closely with a water supplier. Water quality must meet regulatory standards and be aesthetically pleasing. Main water supply elements are the water source, treatment facilities, storage system, and […]

Abtract: Supply and Distribution Systems

The university provides potable water (e.g. for drinking, research, instruction, cleaning, irrigation, animal husbandry, fire protection) and either owns and operates a water distribution system or works closely with a water supplier. Water quality must meet regulatory standards and be aesthetically pleasing. Main water supply elements are the water source, treatment facilities, storage system, and […]

Abtract: Electrical Distribution Systems

Electricity cannot be stored or stockpiled in large quantities, so generating  capacities  must  meet  peak load requirements instantly. The move from early DC systems to high-voltage AC transformers solved voltage drops during long-distance transmission and varying voltage requirements, leading to huge growth in the electric industry, interconnecting generation sites, and higher voltages to support larger […]

Abtract: Energy Generation Alternatives

Utilities are classified as electric; thermal (heating and cooling) for space conditioning; or thermal for process requirements, water,  and sewer.  Supplying a utility from  a central production station is based on economies of scale (e.g., equipment, real estate, labor, operations) outweighing inefficiencies of the distribution system and required local converters (e.g., electric, water, sewer utilities). […]

Abtract: Energy Management and Conservation

The building sector consumes 36 percent of total energy used in the United States. In the commercial building sector, 42 percent of energy is electricity (e.g., for lighting, heating, cooling, other applications). The actual energy use mix varies with geographic location and occupancy type, but nationwide lighting (17 percent), heating (41 percent), and cooling (14 […]

Abtract: Roadmap for Campus Environmental Sustainability

Introduction Climate Challenge. Global climate change creates pressure to lower Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission levels despite uncertain economies and financial pressures. Universities must maintain sustainability and environmental thought leadership in research and teaching, development of carbon capture and sequestration technologies, and cutting-edge sustainable design (e.g., buildings, vehicles, products, industrial processes, investments). American College and University […]

Abstract: Environmental Health and Safety

Risk Control in Facilities Management Facilities managers have problems if they ignore, overly delegate, or haphazardly manage risks. Employee perceptions include their approach to risk, and how a health or safety issue can lead to regulatory agency investigation and even litigation. Managers do not focus on risk as much as benefit (e.g., because of positive […]

Abstract: Campus Security

The role of campus security has changed dramatically in the past several decades, from self-sufficient and relatively unnoticed to highly visible integral partners. Campus Security Roles In early American education, campus security heated buildings, served as fire watch, and locked doors; while faculty maintained student discipline. Later, campus security assumed both roles. Campus unrest in […]

Abstract: Solid Waste and Recycling

For many people, the term “out of sight, out of mind” would be most appropriate for describing municipal solid waste management. The responsibility ends once the item is put in the trash. In these times of increasing regulatory oversight and societal pressures, this is the last sentiment that facilities management administrators can have about the […]

Abstract: Grounds Maintenance and Operations

First impressions of the grounds can affect student enrollment, faculty and staff employment,  and  visitor and benefactor attitudes. Grounds maintenance operations face the unique challenge of contending with unpredictable variables (e.g., living plants,  pests, weather) that ground maintenance organizations meet with varying degrees of success. More than ever, administrators need to identify best practices, cultivate […]

Abstract: Facilities Maintenance and Operations

Facilities maintenance is on the threshold of radical change, driven by higher education forces such as demographics, accountability, and competition and by technical issues such as information technology advances, sophisticated research environments, antiquated buildings, and environmental and safety rules. Relationship to Institutional Mission The facilities management department provides a physical environment to support the university […]

Abstract: Cleaning Operations

The primary role of educational institutions is to advance the education of students and conduct research, where no two campuses are the same. Some campuses have one million square feet or less of building space, and others have tens of millions of square feet. Some campuses are older, and others are newer; some may be […]

Abstract: Building Control Systems

Building heating and cooling control systems facilitate proper functioning of building heating and cooling systems so that the internal environment is comfortable at the optimal price. Control systems have become more sophisticated, enabling facilities managers to better maintain cost and energy efficiency. Fundamentals of Control Systems Sensor to Controller to Controlled  Device.  The operational design […]

Abstract: Building Mechanical Systems

Building mechanical systems provide an environment that protects the building structure, creates safe and healthy surroundings, and allows equipment to operate properly. This chapter details how mechanical systems work and their comparative advantages and disadvantages, costs, and maintenance needs. Design Considerations General Considerations. Mechanical system selection and design are an optimization process, balancing the top […]

Abstract: Building Interiors

The campus encompasses all aspects of daily life and forms a village or town center, with a variety of specialized building types. Users experience the interior portion of each facility daily, so, the discipline of interior design should not be viewed as insignificant. Designer’s Qualification and Program Interior design is a profession, with requirements for […]

Abstract: Building Fire Protection

This chapter briefly discusses the process and tools for managing institution fire risk, including many references to documents such as NFPA consensus standards for specific in-depth and current information. Fire Risk Design techniques and construction materials greatly reduce risk of injury or death from fires. Facilities managers must consider both possible  (catastrophic) loss of life […]

Abstract: Building Electrical Systems

The design, construction, and operation of electrical systems in educational facilities call for careful consideration of fire safety, energy efficiency, and electrician safety. The Life Safety  Code  (NFPA  101)  and ICC documents are adopted as a whole or used  as resource documents in state codes. Both NFPA and ICC reference the NEC wiring protocol.   ASHRAE […]

Abstract: Building Architectural and Structural Systems

Building Framing Types There are five basic structure or framing types and many alternative structural systems. Wall Bearing. This type relies on masonry walls to support floor and roof structural members and is generally one to two stories in height (many stories require necessarily thicker first-floor walls). Wall-bearing construction is rather easy and often is […]

Abstract: Emergency Preparedness and Business Continuity

As subject matter experts (SMEs) on facilities, utilities, and operations, facilities managers are vital in preserving business continuity and in helping universities respond to emergencies.  Whether acting as emergency  manager or supporting that officer, facilities managers can direct responders, offer logistical support, and plan for short-term needs and long-term recovery. Facilities managers must understand the […]

Abstract: Capital Renewal and Deferred Maintenance

Introduction Historical Perspective. The dramatic expansion of higher educational capacity in the years after World War II has left colleges with a serious backlog of underfunded capital needs for facility renewal and replacement. Enrollment has expanded from 2.3 million students in 1950 to an estimated 20 million by 2016. Institutions grew from 1,800 to more […]

Abstract: Work Management

In educational facilities management, work management matches customer needs with resources to provide the optimum physical environment for instruction, research, and public service. Work Management Information Work management converts  customer  (e.g.,  faculty, staff, students, police, security, and visitors) concept into data to define achievable tasks. The service desk (or assigned staff) interacts  with  customers,  assigns  […]

Abstract: Recapitalization Management

Recapitalization is defined in funding terms as periodic recurring costs for replacement/renewal projects and one-time funding for improvements and programmatic projects. These are capital costs associated with the reinvestment of funds in a building or fixed asset. These projects are typically larger in size than annual maintenance work is, and they often involve replacing or renewing a building’s major […]

Abstract: Facilities Condition Assessment

Facilities Condition Assessment Objectives. The main assessment objective is  to measure the condition and functionality of buildings, infrastructure, and sub systems. Assessment methodology objectives are identifying renewal and replacement needs and guiding capital project decision options (e.g., renovation, modernization). Purposes. Specific purposes  include  facility inspections; definition of regular maintenance, capital renewal, and replacement projects; elimination […]

Abstract: Strategy and Leadership

The future of higher education is unclear. Polls show the public viewing universities as a positive benefit for society and as a good personal investment but worrying about the price tag, student debt load, and school responses to environmental changes. Institutions face changes such as increasing students numbers and diverse demographics; increasing competition (e.g., MOOCs, […]

Abstract: Strategic Role of Human Resources

Facilities management leaders often face unexpected events (from small power outages to major catastrophes) and deal with advancing technologies, uncertain environments, personnel cutbacks, and shrinking resources. Leaders must shift gears quickly while still handling daily operational issues and must confront organizational problems while still trusting people to preserve the organization. HR as a Strategic Partner […]

Abstract: Staff Development

Facilities organizations in particular confront changes in technological, legal, and environmental issues and workplace demographic shifts that can lead to shortages of skilled workers. The organizational and staff development discipline addresses the process of identifying organizational objectives and thus the needed employee knowledge, skills, and abilities. Staff development encompasses education, learning, and training to provide […]

Abstract: Budgeting Issues

Several factors (e.g., staffing reductions, new working environments, uncertainty about the future) have contributed to the era of reduced funding, making budgeting even more difficult. Rising Cost of Education Deferred Maintenance. In the mid-1980s, the public began to hear about the impact of deferred maintenance (an urgent need for repairs) at colleges, which have not […]

Abstract: Organization

The chief facilities officer is responsible for the design of the facilities management organization, which faces new challenges (e.g., customer service, economics, workforce, information technology). Managers must redesign organization structures, strategy, and purpose as service requirements and environments change. Organization theory and design practices are evolving, supported by the APPA knowledge base. Effective Organizational Design […]

Abstract: Managing Ethically

What Are Ethics The ability of individuals to be ethical lies at the heart of competent leadership. Ethics do not rest on absolute principles, but reasonable workplace guidelines  for ethical action can be developed and used. The basic premise concerns (and balances) the good of others and not just individuals. Leadership thus is a blend […]

Abstract: Overview of Accounting Systems

Most educational institutions are not-for-profit organizations (NPOs), as defined by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). NPOs must earn profits to replace assets and grow. For-profit firms exist primarily to enrich owners, while NPOs exist mainly to serve a worthwhile social good. Accounting Equation First documented by Pacioli in 1494, the accounting equation (i.e., balance sheet […]

Abstract: Financial Analysis and Control

Since the 1600s, organizations have used financial and nonfinancial information for managerial decisions. Managers used financial accounting data mainly to control individual and production unit work until the 1950s, when they also began applying data to enterprise financial planning. The resulting management accounting reports are based on manager data needs and enterprise objectives and are […]

Abstract: Leadership

Historically, great military, political, religious, and industrial leaders faced very difficult challenges and led people, institutions, and sometimes societies toward a vision of the future. Equally important, the power and importance of leadership are demonstrated daily, and organizations can and do fail because no effective leaders emerge. Higher education institutions and facilities managers now confront […]

Abstract: Communication

Communication is a core skill for successful leaders. Effective communication includes speaking, writing, listening, and matching words and actions. Leaders speak many times a day, so achieving outcomes is important (e.g., educate, motivate, persuade). Such communications entail (1) technology such as emails, presentations, and text messages, used judiciously to augment personal communications; (2) active listening […]

Abstract: Change Management

Change and expectations of change are increasing exponentially, especially with websites and email that encourage demands for timely information. This is true  for universities as a whole and for facilities departments. Organizational and individual change management provide a structured basis for effective change, so  facilities managers must anticipate obstacles and resistance to change, serve as […]

Abstract: Design Management

Project design and development run from conceptual phase through construction documents. Professional services contracts, design guidance, cost estimation, project budget management, building committee involvement, and project design review and approval by the institution are all considered in this process. Phases of a Project The traditional project design and development process includes predesign, schematic design, design […]

Abstract: Fire Prevention on College and University Campuses

This chapter is intended to provide information that can help in the development of campus fire prevention departments or in restructuring existing departments. At the end of this chapter, the reader will be able to: Understand the various components and staffing options available to campus fire prevention departments. Identify steps that can be taken during […]

Abstract: Effective Talent Management

As leaders in facilities management, developing an effective workforce is critical to the success of our organizations. Several key human resource factors must be addressed to build an effective workforce. The scope of facilities management responsibilities is vast. From operational services to planning, design, and construction, we must be sure that our workforce knows what […]

Abstract: Customer Service

“A customer is the most important visitor on our premises; he is not dependent on us. We are dependent on him. He is not an interruption in our work. He is the purpose of it. He is not an outsider in our business. He is part of it. We are not doing him a favor […]

Abstract: Source Energy

Energy is an important component of every college or university’s total budget. While the cost of energy is far from the largest piece, the potential for annual price variability can result in significant swings to the institution’s budget. Energy supply and demand, regulations, renewable energy incentives, and innovations in technologies over the past several decades […]

Abstract: Campus Computerized Control and Monitoring Systems

Building automation systems (BAS) or direct digital control (DDC) systems have been used in all building types throughout the last few decades to control and monitor mechanical and electrical equipment such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. BAS are also important tools to troubleshoot issues related to HVAC and building systems, ensure that […]

Central Heating Plants

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Electrical Distribution Systems

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Energy Generation Alternatives

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Value Management

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Renovations

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Real Estate

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Project Delivery

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Design Management

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Site Development

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Programming

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Infrastructure Planning

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Abstract: Budget Recharge, Cost Recovery, and Rates

Recovery and recharge were generally initiated as a methodology to recapture and recover costs incurred for “non-maintenance” minor remodeling in the 1980s. Today, many institutions use some method of cost recovery to finance both minor and sometimes significant construction, services to auxiliaries, research, and athletics, and for funding the facilities planning, design, and construction unit. […]

Part II: Operations and Maintenance

Section II-A: Plant Management Capital Renewal and Deferred Maintenance by Harvey Kaiser Emergency Preparedness and Business Continuity by John DeLaHunt, MBA, ARM Facilities Condition Assessment by Harvey Kaiser Recapitalization Management by Douglas Christensen, Past APPA President and APPA Fellow Work Management by Mark Webb, EFP Section II-B: Building Systems  Building Architectural and Structural Systems by Steven Thweatt Building Control Systems by […]

Environmental Health and Safety

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Campus Security

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Solid Waste and Recycling

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Cleaning Operations

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Building Control Systems

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Building Mechanical Systems

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Building Interiors

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Building Fire Protection

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Building Electrical Systems

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Work Management

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Recapitalization Management

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Facilities Condition Assessment

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Overview of Accounting Systems

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Financial Analysis and Control

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Staff Development

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Effective Talent Management

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Strategy and Leadership

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Organization

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Managing Ethically

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Leadership

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Communication

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Change Management

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Part 1: General Administration and Management

Section I-A: Leadership and Administration Budget Recharge, Cost Recovery, and Rates by Glen Haubold and David Reynolds, P.E. Change Management by John Morris, P.E., CEFP, LEED AP, GBE, APPA Fellow Communication by Robert Hascall and Karen M. Salisbury Customer Service by Polly Pinney, Past APPA President Leadership by William Daigneau, APPA Fellow Managing Ethically by E. Lander Medlin, APPA EVP Organization by […]

Source Energy

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